ترجمة وتحليل الكلمات عن طريق الذكاء الاصطناعي ChatGPT
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Robert Laughlin - ترجمة إلى إنجليزي
![Laughlin (right) in the White House together with other 1998 US Nobel Prize Winners and the President [[Bill Clinton]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Clinton&1998NobelLaureates.jpg?width=200 "Laughlin (right) in the White House together with other 1998 US Nobel Prize Winners and the President [[Bill Clinton]]")
![U.S. Air Force Chief of Staff]] General [[Curtis LeMay]] at [[The Pentagon]] on April 10, 1963. During World War II, McNamara served under LeMay's command as a [[statistician]] for the [[United States Army Air Forces]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Air Force Chief of Staff General Curtis LeMay with Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara at The Pentagon in 1963.jpg?width=200 "U.S. Air Force Chief of Staff]] General [[Curtis LeMay]] at [[The Pentagon]] on April 10, 1963. During World War II, McNamara served under LeMay's command as a [[statistician]] for the [[United States Army Air Forces]].")
![President Johnson]] and McNamara, 9 February 1968](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Dean Rusk, Lyndon B. Johnson and Robert McNamara in Cabinet Room meeting February 1968.jpg?width=200 "President Johnson]] and McNamara, 9 February 1968")
![[[NATO Military Committee]] chairman General [[Adolf Heusinger]] meeting with McNamara at the Pentagon, 1964](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Harvard Lange and Robert S. McNamara.jpg?width=200 "[[NATO Military Committee]] chairman General [[Adolf Heusinger]] meeting with McNamara at the Pentagon, 1964")
![McNamara with Australian Prime Minister [[Harold Holt]] at [[The Pentagon]] in July 1966](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Holt-1-7-1966.JPEG?width=200 "McNamara with Australian Prime Minister [[Harold Holt]] at [[The Pentagon]] in July 1966")
![President Kennedy]], Secretary of State [[Dean Rusk]] and McNamara in October 1962](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Meeting of the Executive Committee of the National Security Council- Cuba Crisis. President Kennedy, Secretary of... - NARA - 194246.jpg?width=200 "President Kennedy]], Secretary of State [[Dean Rusk]] and McNamara in October 1962")
![Kennedy and McNamara with [[Iran]]'s Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] in April 1962](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Meeting with the Shah of Iran. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, President Kennedy, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.... - NARA - 194206.jpg?width=200 "Kennedy and McNamara with [[Iran]]'s Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] in April 1962")
![President [[John F. Kennedy]] and McNamara, 1962](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President meets with Secretary of Defense. President Kennedy, Secretary McNamara. White House, Cabinet Room - NARA - 194244.jpg?width=200 "President [[John F. Kennedy]] and McNamara, 1962")
![World Bank President]] in 1968.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Robert McNamara visited Indonesia in 1968 during his tenure as World Bank President.jpg?width=200 "World Bank President]] in 1968.")
![Frankfurt, Germany]], September 7, 1962.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara visited Rhein-Main Air Base at Frankfurt Germany.jpg?width=200 "Frankfurt, Germany]], September 7, 1962.")
![[[Robert I of Normandy]] a.k.a. Robert the Magnificent](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Robert magnificent statue in falaise.JPG?width=200 "[[Robert I of Normandy]] a.k.a. Robert the Magnificent")
تعريف
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Norman Foster (1 de junio de 1935) es un arquitecto británico. Nació en Manchester. Estudió arquitectura en la universidad de su ciudad natal y obtuvo después una beca para proseguir sus estudios en la Universidad de Yale.
De regreso en Inglaterra, Foster trabajó durante un tiempo con el arquitecto Richard Buckminster Fuller y fundó en 1965 el estudio de arquitectos Team 4, junto con su primera esposa Wendy, Richard Rogers y la esposa de éste, Sue. Dos años más tarde el nombre del estudio fue cambiado y quedó en Foster Associates.
ويكيبيديا
Robert Betts Laughlin (born November 1, 1950) is the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Stanford University. Along with Horst L. Störmer of Columbia University and Daniel C. Tsui of Princeton University, he was awarded a share of the 1998 Nobel Prize in physics for their explanation of the fractional quantum Hall effect.
In 1983, Laughlin was first to provide a many body wave function, now known as the Laughlin wavefunction, for the fractional quantum hall effect, which was able to correctly explain the fractionalized charge observed in experiments. This state has since been interpreted as the integer quantum Hall effect of the composite fermion.
His 2017 paper, "Pumped thermal grid storage with heat exchange" inspired Project Malta at Google X and subsequently Malta inc.
